![]() While a number of African American leaders defended the sovereignty of a black republic whose fate they saw as intertwined with their own, others expressed concern over Haiti's fitness as a model black republic, scrutinizing whether the nation truly reflected the "civilized" progress of the black race. ![]() They celebrated its diplomatic recognition by the United States and the renewed relevance of the Haitian Revolution. Following emancipation, African American leaders of all kinds-politicians, journalists, ministers, writers, educators, artists, and diplomats-identified new and urgent connections with Haiti, a nation long understood as an example of black self-determination. Byrd explores the ambivalent attitudes that African American leaders in the post-Civil War era held toward Haiti, the first and only black republic in the Western Hemisphere. ![]()
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